Glossary
the book of Exodus
The following proper nouns name people and places mentioned in the primary biblical text for the Turning to God’s Word Bible study You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.
Aaron—The fourth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Aaron as the brother of Moses appointed by God to aid Moses in his mission to free the descendants of Jacob from slavery in Egypt. The twenty-ninth chapter in the book of Exodus describes how Aaron and his sons were to be anointed. Moses and Aaron are descendants of Jacob’s third son Levi. Their father was Amram and their mother was Jochebed; Miriam is their sister. The name Aaron means “lofty” or “exalted.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 4–11, 13–14, 19, 21–28
Abiasaph—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Abiasaph as the youngest of three sons born to Korah in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Although a Levite, Abiasaph is not in the line of Aaron whose members become hereditary priests. Abiasaph’s brothers are Assir and Elkanah. The name Abiasaph means “father of gathering.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6|
Abib—In the thirty-fourth chapter in the book of Exodus, God identifies Abib as the month of the year when the Israelites were led out of slavery in Egypt. During the Babylonian Exile, the captives adopted the names of the months for their Jewish calendar from those used on the Babylonian calendar, so the name for the first month of the year on the Hebrew liturgical calendar changed from Abib to Nissan. It coincides with parts of March and April on the Gregorian calendar. After rescuing his people in Egypt, God instructs them to remember that event with an annual seven-day religious festival called the feast of Unleavened Bread. The Passover is a single meal celebrated at twilight the evening of the fourteenth day of the month of Nissan. The feast of Unleavened Bread begins at twilight on the fifteenth day of the month of Nissan and continues through seven days. Lesson 25
Abihu—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Abihu as the second of four sons born to Aaron in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Aaron’s wife was Elisheba. The twenty-fourth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Nadab as one of those invited to approach God along with Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and 70 elders of Israel. All four of Aaron’s sons become hereditary priests. Abihu’s brothers are Nadab, Eleazar, and Ithamar. The tenth chapter in the book of Leviticus records that as priests, Nadab and Abihu both perished for offering unholy fire before the LORD. The name Abihu means “worshiper of God.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 6, 19, 21
Abraham—The Old Testament frequently refers to three major patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and their covenant with God. Details of their lives are recorded in the book of Genesis. Abraham is honored as father of the faith by Christians and Jews. The name Abraham means “father of multitudes” or “father of many.” Prior to receiving that name from God, Abraham’s name was Abram, which means “exalted father.” Lessons 2–3, 6, 24–25
Ahisamach—The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Ahisamach as the father of Oholiab, one of the two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. Ahisamach and his son were members of the tribe of Dan. The name Ahisamach means “brother of strength.” Lessons 23, 26–27
Almighty—When capitalized as a noun, Almighty is a title that emphasizes the omnipotence and all-powerful nature of God. It is used throughout Scripture. Lesson 6
Amalek—The seventeenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Amalek as the first of the enemies encountered by the Israelites after escaping from slavery in Egypt. Using Moses in a dramatic fashion, the LORD allows the Israelites to triumph in battle with the Amalekites. Descendants of Jacob’s brother Esau, the Amalekites are related to the Edomites but distinct from them. Amalek can refer to Esau’s grandson or to all of his descendants. The name Amalek means “a people who take away all.” Lesson 14
Amminadab—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Amminadab as the father of Elisheba, the wife of Aaron and mother of Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar. As descendants of Aaron in the line of Levi, all four of Amminadab’s grandsons become hereditary priests. The name Amminadab means “kindred of the prince.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Amoriites—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Amorites as one of the groups of people living in the land of Canaan, a geographical region that God promised to the descendants of Jacob. The Amorites are thought to have originated in western Mesopotamia before inhabiting the land of Canaan. They often are considered to be identical to the Perizzites, but some scholars believe the term Perizzites described Canaanites who lived in rural areas rather than in cities. The word Amorite means “talk” or “promise.” Lessons 3, 11, 19, 25
Amram—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Amram as the first of four sons born to Kohath in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Amram is the grandfather of Moses and Aaron. Amram’s brothers are Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel. The name Amram means “kindred of the High” or “friend of God.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Asher—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Asher as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the eighth of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Zilpah, the handmaid of Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Asher’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Exodus. The name Asher means “happy” and “blessed.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 1
Asherim—In the thirty-fourth chapter in the book of Exodus, the LORD commands the Israelites to cut down any Asherim they encounter when they enter the land of Canaan. Asherim were poles or stylized trees were used as cult objects in worship of the principal Canaanite fertility goddess Asherah, the Canaanite mother goddess and consort of the Sumarian god Anu. Lesson 25
Assir—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Assir as the eldest of three sons born to Korah in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Although a Levite, Assir is not in the line of Aaron whose members become hereditary priests. Assir’s brothers are Elkanah and Abiasaph. The name Assir means “prisoner.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
—B—
Baal-Zephon—The fourteenth chapter in the book of Exodus mentions Baal-Zephon in connection with the last campsite of the Israelites before they crossed the Red Sea. Baal-Zephon was named after a Canaanite storm god believed to inhabit Mount Zephon, a peak near the Red Sea at Piha-Hiroth. An idol to Baal-Zephon had been constructed on that site. The name Baal-Zephon means “idol of the north” or “hidden.” (A map showing the location of Piha-Hiroth is on page 60 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 12
Benjamin—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Benjamin as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the last of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s favorite wife Rachel. The births of Benjamin’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth and thirtieth chapters in the book of Genesis. Benjamin originally was named Benoni, a name that means “son of my sorrow,” by his mother, who died shortly after giving birth to him (see the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis). His father renamed him Benjamin, which means “son of my old age.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 1
Bezalel—The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Bezalel, a member of the tribe of Judah, as one of the two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. The name Bezalel means “in the shadow or protection of God.” Lessons 23, 26–27
—C—
Canaan/Canaanites/land of Canaan—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Canaanites as one of the groups of people living in the land of Canaan, a geographical region that God promised to the descendants of Jacob, with whom he had entered covenant through the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Canaan was a son of Ham and grandson of Noah, and his descendants are listed in the Table of Nations in the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis. The term Canaanites is a catchall term that refers to a variety of peoples who inhabited the area before the Israelites. These include the Sidonians, the Hittites, the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites. The name Canaan means “humbled” or “subdued.” Lessons 3, 6, 11, 13–14, 19, 25
Carmi—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Carmi as the fourth of four sons born to Reuben, the first-born son of the patriarch Jacob. Carmi’s brothers are Hanoch, Pallu, and Hezron. The name Carmi means “vine dresser.” All of Reuben’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
children of Israel—See sons of Israel. Lesson 16
—D—
Dan—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Dan as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Oholiab, a member of the tribe of Dan, as one of two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it and to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. Dan was the fifth of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Bilhah, the handmaid of Jacob’s wife Rachel. The births of Dan’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Dan means “God is my judge.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1, 23, 26–27
daughter(s) of Levi—Daughter is a term often used in Scripture to describe people born into a particular genealogical line or native to a specific geographical region. In the second chapter in the book of Exodus, daughter of Levi describes Moses’ birth mother being in the line of Jacob’s son Levi. The name Levi means “joined in harmony.”(A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 2
—E—
Edom—The fifteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the chiefs of Edom as people who will be seized with trembling when they learn of the LORD’s actions to rescue his people from slavery in Egypt. The land of Edom, a region south of the Dead Sea, was settled by Jacob’s twin brother Esau. The twenty-seventh chapter in the book of Genesis describes the beginning of the long history of bad blood between the descendants of Jacob and the descendants of Esau, who also was called Edom, a name that means “red.” Lesson 13
Egypt/Egyptians—The first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the initial setting for the work as Egypt, territory surrounding the Nile River in the northeast corner of Africa. It was inhabited by descendants of Egypt, a son of Ham and grandson of Noah (see the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis). Egyptians appear throughout the Old Testament as enemies of God’s people; alternately the land of Egypt appears as a place of refuge, especially during times of famine. The second chapter of the book of Exodus records that Moses slays an Egyptian who was mistreating a Hebrew. The early chapters of the book of Exodus focus on God’s actions to free the descendants from slavery in the land of Egypt. Scholars are uncertain of the meaning of the word Egypt, although it appears to be related to the idea of “place.” Lessons 1–4, 6–12, 14, 16–18, 22, 24–25
Eleazar—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Eleazar as the third of four sons born to Aaron in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Aaron’s wife was Elisheba. All four of Aaron’s sons become hereditary priests. Eleazar’s brothers are Nadab, Abihu, and Ithamar. The name Eleazar means “God has helped.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 6, 21
Eliezer—The eighteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Moses’ second son as Eliezer, a name that means “help of my God.” Neither of Moses’ two sons are included in the list of Levi’s immediate male descendants in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus nor in chart on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 15
Elim—The fifteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Elim as one of the sites where the Israelites camped after leaving Egypt. Scripture describes it as an oasis with 12 springs and 70 palm trees. The meaning of the name Elim is unknown, though some scholars speculate that it means “gods.” (A map showing Elim and part of the route of the Exodus is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 13–14
Elisheba—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Elisheba as the wife of Aaron and mother of Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. As descendants of Aaron in the line of Levi, all four of Elisheba’s sons become hereditary priests. Elisheba also is identified as the daughter of Amminadab and sister of Nahshon. The name Elisheba means “God is her oath.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Elkanah—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Elkanah as the second of three sons born to Korah in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Although a Levite, Elkanah is not in the line of Aaron whose members become hereditary priests. Elkanah’s brothers are Assir and Abiasaph. The name Elkanah means “zeal of God.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Elzaphan—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Elzaphan as the second of three sons born to Uzziel in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Elzaphan’s brothers are Mishael and Sithri. The name Elzaphan means “god of the northwest wind.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Etham—The thirteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Etham as the second place in which the Israelites camped on the first leg of their journey out of Egypt. The name Etham means “solid” or “enduring.” (A map showing the early part of the route of the Exodus is on page 60 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 12
Euphrates—The twenty-third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Euphrates River, located to the north and east of the land of Canaan in Mesopotamia, as one of the boundaries of the geographical region that the LORD promised to the descendants of Jacob. The word Euphrates means “great river” and is related to the word for “copper.” Lesson 19
—F—
feast of the Passover—See Passover. Lesson 25
—G—
Gad—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Gad as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the seventh of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Zilpah, the handmaid of Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Gad’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Gad means “luck” or “fortune.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 1
Gershom—The second chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Gershom as the first son born to Moses and his Midianite wife Zipporah. The name Gershom means “sojourner” or “stranger.” Neither of Moses’ two sons are included in the list of Levi’s immediate male descendants in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus nor in chart on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 2, 15
Gershon—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Gershon as the first of three sons born to Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Gershon’s brothers are Kohath and Merari. The name Gershon means “banishment.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
God—See LORD/lord/God.
God of Abraham—Used throughout the book of Exodus, this title emphasizes God’s covenantal relationship with the patriarch Abraham. The name Abraham means “exalted father.” Lessons 3–4
God of Isaac—Used throughout the book of Exodus, this title emphasizes God’s covenantal relationship with the patriarch Isaac. The name Isaac means “he who laughs.” Lessons 3–4
God of Israel—Used throughout the Old Testament, this title draws attention to God’s covenantal relationship with the descendants of Jacob (Israel). Lessons 5, 19, 24–25
God of Jacob—Used throughout the book of Exodus, this title emphasizes God’s covenantal relationship with the patriarch Jacob. The name Jacob means “supplanter.” Lessons 3–4
God of the Hebrews—Used throughout the book of Exodus, this title emphasizes God’s covenantal relationship with the people known as Hebrews, descendants of Eber. The tenth chapter in the book of Genesis lists Eber as a grandson of Shem and great-grandson of Noah. The name Eber means “brave and strong boar.” Lessons 3, 5, 7–9
Goshen—The ninth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Goshen as the area of Egypt where the Israelites dwelt. Goshen was located in the eastern delta of the Nile River. Scholars speculate that the name Goshen may mean “cultivated.” (A map showing the location of Goshen is on page 41 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 8–9
—H—
Hanoch—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Hanoch as the first of four sons born to Reuben, the first-born son of the patriarch Jacob. Hanoch’s brothers are Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. The name Hanoch means “dedicated.” All of Reuben’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Hebrew—In the first chapter in the book of Exodus, the sons of Israel (descendants of the patriarch Jacob) are identified as being Hebrew, and in the second chapter the daughter of Pharaoh recognizes the baby Moses as a Hebrew child. Hebrew is a term used to describe descendants of Eber. The tenth chapter in the book of Genesis lists Eber as a grandson of Shem and great-grandson of Noah. The name Eber means “brave and strong boar.” Lessons 1–2, 18
Hebron—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Hebron as the third of four sons born to Kohath in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Hebron’s brothers are Amram (grandfather of Moses and Aaron), Izhar, and Uzziel. The name Hebron means “society” or “alliance.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Hezron—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Hezron as the third of four sons born to Reuben, the first-born son of the patriarch Jacob. Hezron’s brothers are Hanoch, Pallu, and Carmi. The name Hezron means “dart of joy.” All of Reuben’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Hittites—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Hittites as one of the groups of people living in the land of Canaan, a geographical region that God promised to the descendants of Jacob. The Hittites were descendants of Heth, a son of Canaan and great-grandson of Noah (see the Table of Nations in the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis). Their empire flourished from about 2300 to 1100 B.C., and they occupied the land of Canaan from the time of Abraham until after the former exiles returned from Babylon in 538 B.C. The name Hittite means “son of terror.” Lessons 3, 11, 19, 25
Hivites—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Hivites as one of the groups of people living in the land of Canaan, a geographical region that God promised to the descendants of Jacob. The Hivites were descendants of Canaan, a grandson of Noah (see the Table of Nations in the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis). Scholars know very little more about the Hivites. The name Hivite may mean “villager” or be related to the Aramaic word for snake. Lessons 3, 11, 19, 25
Horeb—See Mount Horeb. Lessons 3, 14
house of Israel—The sixteenth chapter and the fortieth chapter in the book of Exodus use the term house of Israel to refer to all 12 of the tribes who make up the descendants of Jacob. In other books of the Old Testament, the term “house of Israel” often is used to refer only to the 10 tribes that made up the northern kingdom of Israel after Solomon’s united kingdom divided at his death. The name Israel means “may God prevail” or “he who struggles with God.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 14, 28
house of Jacob—The nineteenth chapter in the book of Exodus uses the term house of Jacob to refer to all 12 of the tribes who make up the descendants of Jacob. The name Jacob means “supplanter.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 16
house of Levi—In the second chapter in the book of Exodus, the term house of Levi is used to refer to Moses’ father being a descendant of Jacob’s son Levi. The name Levi means “joined in harmony.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 2
Hur—The seventeenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Hur as being instrumental in the Israelites’ victory over the Amalekites. Scripture provides few other details about this companion of Moses. The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the grandfather of Bezalel as Hur. Scholars are uncertain about whether this is the same Hur who was a companion of Moses. Bezalel, a member of the tribe of Judah, was one of two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. The name Hur means “liberty.” Lessons 14, 19, 23, 26–27
—I—
I AM WHO I AM—In the third chapter in the book of Exodus, God reveals his name—I AM WHO I AM. In Hebrew, this is represented by four consonants—YHWH—called the tetragrammaton. In English this often is indicated by the word Yahweh, although some older translations of the Bible mistakenly render it Jehovah. Many modern translations, including the Revised Standard Version Catholic Editions (the RSVCE and the RSV2CE) and the New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE), use small capital letters for LORD to designate Yahweh, the most sacred name of God. Also see LORD/God/Lord. Lesson 3
Isaac—The Old Testament frequently refers to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and their covenant with God. Details of the lives of all three are recorded in the book of Genesis. The son of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac became the father of Jacob and Esau. The name Isaac means “he who laughs.” Lessons 2–3, 6, 24–25
Israel/Israelites—Israel is a term with a variety of meanings, requiring readers of Scripture to determine the author’s intent depending on context. Israel may refer to the patriarch Jacob, who was renamed Israel by God. In the book of Exodus, Israel usually refers to the Old Testament patriarch Jacob. In the thirty-second chapter in the book of Exodus, the LORD substitutes Israel for the more common use of Jacob in the phrase identifying the primary patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Israel). In the First and Second Books of the Kings, Israel most often is the name of the northern kingdom that includes all of the tribes except Judah and Benjamin. The fall of the northern kingdom to the Assyrians occurs in 722–721 B.C., after which time its territory is called Samaria, the name of the former northern kingdom’s capital. After the fall of the southern kingdom of Judah in 587–586 B.C., Israel again usually refers to all of the descendants of Jacob. In the book of Exodus, the term Israelites refers to all of the descendants of Jacob, who also properly may be called Hebrews. The religion of Judaism, based on Hebrew and Israelite worship practices, has not yet developed, so it is incorrect to refer to God’s people at the time of the Exodus as Jews. The name Israel means “may God prevail” or “he who struggles with God.” Lessons 1–16, 19–26, 28
Issachar—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Issachar as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the ninth of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Issachar’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Issachar means “his reward will come.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 1
Ithamar—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Ithamar as the fourth of four sons born to Aaron in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Aaron’s wife was Elisheba. The thirty-eighth chapter in the book of Exodus notes that Ithamar was charged with overseeing work done by the Levites on the tabernacle. All four of Aaron’s sons become hereditary priests. Ithamar’s brothers are Nadab, Abihu, and Eleazar. The name Ithamar means “island of the palm tree.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 6, 21, 27
Izhar—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Izhar as the second of four sons born to Kohath in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Izhar’s brothers are Amram (grandfather of Moses and Aaron), Hebron, and Uzziel. The meaning of the name Izhar is unknown, although some scholars speculate it might be related to “oil.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
—J—
Jacob—The Old Testament frequently refers to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and their covenant with God. Details of the lives of all three are recorded in the book of Genesis. The son of Isaac, Jacob was renamed Israel by God, and he became the father of 12 sons whose descendants make up the 12 tribes of Israel. Jacob’s twin brother Esau settled the land of Edom, a region south of the Dead Sea called Idumea by the Greeks. The twenty-seventh chapter in the book of Genesis describes the beginning of the long history of bad blood between the descendants of Jacob and the descendants of Esau. The name Jacob means “supplanter.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1–3, 6, 25
Jachin—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Jachin as the fourth of six sons born to Simeon, the second son of the patriarch Jacob. Jachin’s brothers are Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Zohar, and Shaul. The name Jachin means “he who strengthens and makes steadfast.” All of Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Jamin—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Jamin as the second of six sons born to Simeon, the second son of the patriarch Jacob. Jamin’s brothers are Jemuel, Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul. The name Jamin means “right hand” or “south wind.” All of Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Jealous—In the thirty-fourth chapter in the book of Exodus, the LORD says that his name is Jealous. Although the word jealous usually appears lower-cased and used as a modifier to describe a quality of God, in this instance in the book of Exodus the word jealous is capitalized and used as a name or title for God to emphasize the jealous aspect of God’s nature. The word jealous is related to the word zealous. Lesson 25
Jebusites—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Jebusites as one of the groups of people living in the land of Canaan, a geographical region that God promised to the descendants of Jacob. The Jebusites were descendants of Canaan, a grandson of Noah (see the Table of Nations in the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis). Jerusalem was a Jebusite stronghold later conquered by David, who made the city his capital. Scholars are uncertain about the original meaning of the word Jebusite. Lessons 3, 11, 19, 25
Jemuel—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Jemuel as the first of six sons born to Simeon, the second son of the patriarch Jacob. Jemuel’s brothers are Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul. The name Jemuel means “God’s day.” All of Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Jethro—The third chapter in the book of Exodus names the priest of Midian who becomes Moses’ father-in-law Jethro, though the second chapter refers to the same person as Reuel. Scholars disagree about this apparent biblical discrepancy, arguing that Reuel and Jethro may be two forms of the same name and can be used interchangeably, that Reuel is head of the clan and therefore can claim to be the “father” of Jethro’s daughters, or that Reuel was the name of Moses’ father-in-law and Jethro was his priestly title. In the eighteenth chapter in the book of Exodus, Jethro visits Moses in the wilderness and offers his counsel about how to handle disputes among the Israelites that have come out of Egypt. The name Jethro means “overflow,” and the name Reuel means “friend of God.” Lessons 3–4, 15
Jochebed—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Jochebed as the wife of Amram and mother of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam. Jochebed also was the sister Kohath, Amram’s father. The name Jochebed means “glorious” or “honorable.” Lesson 6
Joseph—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Joseph as a son of Israel (Jacob) already living in Egypt when the rest of the family moved there to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the eleventh of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s favorite wife Rachel. The births of Joseph’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The thirteenth chapter in the book of Exodus recounts Moses carrying the bones of Joseph with the Israelites when they leave Egypt. The name Joseph means “may the LORD add increase.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1, 12
Joshua—The seventeenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Joshua as Moses’ aide who, along with Hur, was instrumental in the Israelites’ victory over the Amalekites. The twenty-fourth chapter identifies Joshua as Moses’ servant and notes that Joshua accompanied Moses when he went up the mountain to with God. Jeshua is the English transliteration of the Hebrew name Yeshua found in some translations of the Old Testament. Its English spelling is Joshua. The English spelling of the Greek transliteration (Iesous) is Jesus. The names Jeshua, Joshua, and Jesus all mean “God is salvation.” Lessons 14 , 24–25
Judah—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Judah as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Bezalel, a member of the tribe of Judah, as one of two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. Judah was the fourth of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Judah’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. Descendants of Jacob’s son Judah are called Judahites; the term Jew only applies to practitioners of the Hebrew-based religion of Judaism, which develops later around the time of the Babylonian Exile. The name Judah means “praise.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1, 23, 26–27
—K—
Kohath—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Kohath as the second of three sons born to Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Kohath is the great-grandfather of Moses and Aaron. Kohath’s brothers are Gershon and Merari. The name Kohath means “congregation.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Korah—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Korah as the first of three sons born to Izhar in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Korah’s brothers are Nepheg and Zichri. The name Korah means “baldness” or “ice.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
—L—
Levi—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Levi as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). The second chapter identifies Moses’ parents as being in the line of Levi, who was the third of Jacob’s 12 sons. Levi’s mother was Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Levi’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Levi means “joined in harmony.” A genealogy listing the descendants of Levi appears in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus, and a chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus. (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1–2, 6
Levites—The fourth chapter in the book of Exodus describes Moses brother Aaron as a Levite. The thirty-second chapter in the book of Exodus, describes the Levites slaughtering their kinsmen to defend God’s honor after the disastrous incident involving worship of the golden calf. It was after this that the Levites were given responsibility for care of the tabernacle. Only descendants of Aaron in the tribe of Levites were assigned the inherited duties of the priesthood. The forty-fourth chapter in the Book of Ezekiel records that the Levites abandoned God to worship idols, and the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah mention that Levites were among those who returned to Jerusalem after the Babylonian Exile. The first chapter of the Gospel According to John distinguishes Levites from priests in the group of people going out to the wilderness to question John (called John the Baptist in the synoptic Gospels According to Matthew, Mark, and Luke). The name Levi means “joined in harmony.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 4, 27
Libni—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Libni as the first of two sons born to Gershon in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Libni’s brother is Shimei. The name Libni means “white.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
LORD/God/Lord—Throughout the Old Testament a variety of words refer to God. Some translations, including the Revised Standard Version Catholic Editions (the RSVCE and the RSV2C) and the New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE), use small capital letters for LORD to designate Yahweh, the most sacred name of God. The word God is used to designate Elohim, a word that emphasizes the strength of God’s divinity. A third word, Adonai, usually indicated by Lord (regular upper and lowercase letters), also may be used as a name for God and refers to God as master. (See Lord & God for more information.) In Turning to God’s Word printed Catholic Bible studies, small capital letters are used when LORD translates Yahweh; because small capital letters are not an option on the website, Turning to God’s Word website materials use all capital letters (LORD) to differentiate Yahweh from Elohim or Adonai. In the New Testament, Lord (regular upper and lowercase letters) is used as a title for Jesus.
—M—
Mahli—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Mahli as the first of two sons born to Merari in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Mahli’s brother is Mushi. The meaning of the name Mahli is unknown. (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Marah—The fifteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Marah as an oasis location where the Israelites complained that the water was not drinkable. Following God’s instructions, Moses threw a tree into the bitter water, and the water became sweet. This occurred only three days after the LORD had led the people safely through the Red Sea and destroyed their Egyptian enemies. The meaning of the word Marah is “bitter.” (A map showing the lcoation of Marah is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 13
Massah—The seventeenth chapter in the book of Exodus describes Moses renaming the location of Rephidim Massah and Meribah. The name Massah means “testing.” Rephidim means “to spread” or “to support,” and Meribah means “quarreling.” (A map showing the location Massah and Meribah is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Also see Rephidim. Lesson 14 Merari—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Merari as the third of three sons born to Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Merari’s brothers are Gershon and Kohath. The name Merari means “sad” or “bitter.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Meribah—The seventeenth chapter in the book of Exodus describes Moses renaming the location of Rephidim Massah and Meribah. The name Meribah means “quarreling.” Rephidim means “to spread” or “to support,” and Massah means “quarreling.” (A map showing the location Massah and Meribah is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Also see Rephidim. Lesson 14
Midian—The second chapter in the book of Exodus describes Moses fleeing Egypt and ending up in Midian, a location on the east shore of the Gulf of Aqaba on the northwest Arabian Peninsula. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Midian, a son born to the patriarch after the death of his wife Sarah. Midian’s mother was Keturah, who is described in the twenty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis as Abraham’s second wife. The same chapter notes that Abraham gave gifts to the sons of his concubines and sent them away, implying that the patriarch considered Keturah to a concubine. Scholars are uncertain about the original meaning of the name Midian, which may have been “strife” or “judgment.” (A map locating Midian is on page 12 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus). Lessons 2–4, 15
Miriam—The fifteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Miriam as a prophetess and the sister of Aaron and Moses. Miriam is described leading the women descendants of Jacob in song after God safely led all of the Israelites through the Red Sea, allowing them to escape from the Egyptians, who then perished. The name Miriam means “drop of the sea” or “beloved.” Lesson 13
Mishael—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Mishael as the first of three sons born to Uzziel in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Mishael’s brothers are Elzaphan and Sithri. Mishael is another form of the name Michael; both mean “who is like God?” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Moab/Moabites—The fifteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the leaders of Moab as people who will be seized with trembling when they learn of the LORD’s actions to rescue his people from slavery in Egypt. The Moabites inhabited an area east of the Dead Sea settled by descendants of Moab, the son of an incestuous union between Lot and Lot’s elder daughter; descendants of Benammi, the son born of incest between Lot and his younger daughter, are called Ammonites (see the nineteenth chapter in the book of Genesis). Scholars are uncertain about the original meaning of the word Moabites. Lesson 13
Moses—References to Moses, a man called by God to lead the descendants of Jacob out of slavery in Egypt, appear throughout Scripture. The second chapter in the book of Exodus describes events in his life, beginning with his mother’s actions taken to rescue him at a time when all male Hebrew babies born in Egypt were subject to death under an edict issued by Pharaoh. Moses was a descendant of Jacob’s third son Levi. His father was Amram and his mother was Jochebed; Aaron was his brother and Miriam his sister. Religious law was given by God to Moses in the form of the 10 Commandments, and Moses foretold that at some future date the LORD would raise up another prophet like him. The name Moses, given to him by Pharaoh’s daughter when she adopted the child, means “to deliver from the water.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 2–17, 19, 23–28
Mount Horeb—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Horeb as the mountain of God where Mose encountered the burning bush. It also is referred to as Mount Sinai. This mountain traditionally is believed to be located in desert terrain on the Sinai Peninsula, but there is much scholarly debate about that location. The eighteenth chapter in the book of Deuteronomy identifies Mount Horeb as the site where God promised to raise up a prophet like Moses to speak to the descendants of Jacob. The word Horeb means “glowing heat.” (A map showing the traditional location of Mount Horeb and an alternate mountain location across the Gulf of Aquaba is on page 19 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 3, 14, 25
Mount Sinai—The nineteenth chapter in the book of Exodus refers to Mount Sinai as the peak where Moses went to meet God after leading the Israelites out of Egypt. There is scholarly disagreement about whether this and Horeb, the mountain of God referred to in the third chapter in the book of Exodus, are the same mountain. Both are believed to be located somewhere in the wilderness of the Sinai Peninsula. The word Sinai means “thorn.” (A map showing the traditional location of Mount Horeb/Mount Sinai and an alternate mountain location across the Gulf of Aquaba is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 16, 19, 23, 25
Mushi—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Mushi as the second of two sons born to Merari in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Mushi’s brother is Mahlo. The name Mushi means “he that withdraws or takes away.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
—N—
Nadab—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Nadab as the first of four sons born to Aaron in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Aaron’s wife was Elisheba. The twenty-fourth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Nadab as one of those invited to approach God along with Moses, Aaron, Abihu, and 70 elders of Israel. All four of Aaron’s sons become hereditary priests. Nadab’s brothers are Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. The tenth chapter of the book of Leviticus records that as priests, Nadab and Abihu both perished for offering unholy fire before the LORD. The name Nadab means “liberal” or “generous.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 6, 19, 21
Naphtali—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Naphtali as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the sixth of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Bilhah, the handmaid of Jacob’s wife Rachel. The births of Naphtali’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Naphtali means “my struggle.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 1
Nahshon—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Nahshon as the brother of Elisheba, the wife of Aaron and mother of Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar. As descendants of Aaron in the line of Levi, all four of Nahshon’s nephews become hereditary priests. The name Nahshon means “enchanter.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Nepheg—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Nepheg as the second of three sons born to Izhar in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Nepheg’s brothers are Korah and Zichri. The name Nepheg means “weak.”(A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Nile—The Nile River is the primary waterway in Egypt, and crucial to the survival and well-being of the Egyptians. Scholars assume that it is the unnamed river in which Moses’ mother placed her baby in an attempt to protect him from certain death. The fourth chapter in the book of Exodus describes God instructing Moses to pour some water from the Nile on the ground where it will turn to blood as a sign to convince the elders of Israel that he has been sent by God. The name Nile means “river,” “light,” or “shine.” (A map showing the location of the Nile River is on page 19 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus). Lessons 1, 4, 7–8, 14
Nun—The thirty-third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Nun as the father of Moses’ servant Joshua. Nun and his son Joshua were members of the half-tribe of Ephraim, one of the two Egyptian-born sons of Jacob’s son Joseph. The name Nun means “to increase” and applies to offspring or material goods.” Lesson 25
—O—
Ohad—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Ohad as the third of six sons born to Simeon, the second son of the patriarch Jacob. Ohad’s brothers are Jemuel, Jamin, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul. The name Ohad means “united” or “power.” All of Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Oholiab—The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Oholiab as one of two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. Oholiab was the son of Ahisamach of the tribe of Dan. The name Oholiab means “tent of the father.” Lessons 23, 26–27
—P—
Pallu—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Pallu as the second of four sons born to Reuben, the first-born son of the patriarch Jacob. Pallu’s brothers are Hanoch, Hezron, and Carmi. The name Pallu means “marvelous” or “hidden.” All of Reuben’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Passover/Lord’s Passover—The first biblical reference to the Passover occurs in the twelfth chapter in the book of Exodus, in which God explains to Moses the tenth plague against the Egyptians—the death of all of the firstborn dwelling in Egypt. The resulting religious feast of the Passover is named because during the plague death passed over the houses of the Israelites, which had been marked with the blood of the Passover lamb. The New Testament Gospel According to John and book of Revelation identify Jesus with the Passover lamb. Lessons 10–11, 25
Passover lamb—The twelfth chapter in the book of Exodus mentions the Passover lamb. Before the tenth plague against the Egyptians, the death of the firstborn, the LORD required the Israelites to slay and roast a lamb, marking their homes with its blood. The blood at the doorways to their homes would be a sign for death to pass over those dwellings. The New Testament Gospel According to John and book of Revelation identify Jesus with the Passover lamb. Lessons 10–11
Perizzites—The third chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the Perizzites as one of the groups of people living in the land of Canaan, a geographical region that God promised to the descendants of Jacob. The Perizzites are not mentioned in the Table of Nations in the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis, but it is known that they occupied territory west of the Jordan River and north of the Dead Sea prior to the time of the Exodus. Although the Perizzites often are considered to be identical to the Amorites, many scholars believe the term Perizzites, which means “rural person,” only was used to describe Canaanites who did not live in cities. Lessons 3, 19, 25
Pharaoh—The first chapter in the book of Exodus refers to Pharaoh, a title given to the rulers in Egypt. References to Pharaoh appear throughout the book of Exodus, in which he is the primary antagonist opposing God’s plan to free the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. Pharaohs held power equivalent to that of kings. The word Pharaoh means “ruler.” Lessons 1–13, 15
Philistia/Philistines/land of the Philistines—The twelfth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the way through the land of the Philistines as a route intentionally avoided when the LORD led the Israelites out of Egypt. The land of the Philistines, also sometimes called Philistia, was a coastal region along the Mediterranean Sea. Its inhabitants were coastal peoples or “sea peoples” descended from Noah (see the tenth chapter in the book of Genesis). The reason given by God for not leading the Israelites through the land of the Philistines is that the LORD feared his people might see war along that route, which might cause them to want to return to Egypt. In the present day, the word Philistine has come to mean a person who is indifferent or even hostile to culture and the arts. (A map showing the way to the land of Canaan through the land of the Philistines is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 12–13
Phinehas—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Phinehas as the son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron. Born into the line of Levi as a descendant of Aaron, Phinehas becomes an hereditary priest. The twenty-fifth chapter in the book of Numbers credits Phinehas with taking action to stop worship of Baal at Peor, leading God to establish with Phinehas a covenant of peace and perpetual priesthood. The name Phinehas means “mouth of brass.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Piha-Hiroth—The fourteenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Piha-Hiroth as the final campsite of the Israelites before they crossed the Red Sea. The name Piha-Hiroth means “mouth of the gorges,” reflecting its location as the end of the canal or river or “where the desert tracks begin.” (A map showing the early part of the route of the Exodus is on page 60 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.)
Pithom—The first chapter in the book of Exodus mentions to Pithom and Raamses (usually spelled Ramses) as ancient Egyptian store-cities that were built by the descendants of Jacob. The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) adds a third—Heliopolis. Scholars debate what was stored in these cities, possibly grain or treasure Their precise locations also are debated. The name Pithom means “house of Atum [an Egyptian solar deity].” (A map showing one possible location of Pithom is on page 12 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus). Lesson 1
Presence—The twenty-fifth chapter in the book of Exodus includes God’s instructions that a golden table be provided in the tabernacle for the bread of the Presence. Presence is capitalized in the Old Testament as a title to emphasize the existence of God at a particular location. Lessons 20, 26–27
Puah—The first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Puah and Shiphrah and two midwives who disobey Pharaoh’s instructions to allow male Hebrew babies to die. The name Puah is Canaanite and means “little girl.”
Putiel—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Putiel as the father-in-law of Aaron’s son Eleazar and mother of his Phinehas. Born into the line of Levi as a descendant of Aaron, Putiel’s grandson Phinehas becomes an hereditary priest. The name Putiel means “God is my fatness.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
—Q—
—R—
Raamses/Rameses—The first chapter in the book of Exodus mentions Pithom and Raamses as ancient Egyptian store-cities built by the descendants of Jacob. The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) adds a third store-city—Heliopolis. Scholars debate what was stored in these cities, possibly grain or treasure. The precise locations of the cities also are debated. The twelfth chapter of the book of Exodus identifies the location of Rameses as the starting point for the Israelites’ Exodus out of Egypt, but scholars are uncertain whether this is the same place as Raamses. (A map showing the first leg of that journey is on page 56 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) The names Raamses and Rameses mean “begotten by Ra [the Egyptian sun god]” or “son of god,” and were frequently given to Egyptian pharaohs. Other alternate spellings include Ramses and Raameses, which have the same meaning. Lessons 1, 11
Red Sea—The ninth chapter in the book of Exodus mentions the Red Sea as the place to which the LORD drove the locusts at the end of the eighth plague against the Egyptians. The thirteenth chapter and fifteenth chapters in the book of Exodus identify the Red Sea as the body of water through which the LORD delivered the Israelites. (Some translations refer to it as the Sea of Reeds, reflecting the idea that the crossing occurred somewhere in the marshy area to the north of the Gulf of Suez.) The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean, which is to the south. The Sinai Peninsula is to the north between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after colors, the other three being the Black Sea, the White Sea, and the Yellow Sea. (A map showing the location of the Red Sea is on page 41 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 9, 12–13, 19
Rephidim—The seventeenth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Rephidim as one of the campsites where the Israelites stopped after God led them out of slavery in Egypt. It is described as one of the places where the people found fault with Moses because there was no drinkable water. The LORD instructs Moses to use his rod to strike a rock, which Moses does, and water comes out of the rock. The twentieth chapter of the book of Numbers records a that God instead instructs Moses to speak to the rock, then becomes angry when Moses and Aaron display a lack of trust in God’s word. It is then that God determines neither will enter the Promised Land. Rephidim means “to spread” or “to support.” Moses renamed the location Massah, which means “testing,” and Meribah, which means “quarreling.” (A map showing the location Rephidim is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 14, 16
Reuben—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Reuben as one the sons of Israel who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the first of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Reuben’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Reuben means “behold, a son.” Reuben’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1, 6
Reuel—The second chapter in the book of Exodus names the priest of Midian who becomes Moses’ father-in-law Reuel, though later chapters refer to the same person as Jethro. Scholars disagree about this apparent biblical discrepancy, arguing that Reuel and Jethro may be two forms of the same name and can be used interchangeably, that Reuel is head of the clan and therefore can claim to be the “father” of Jethro’s daughters, or that Reuel was the name of Moses’ father-in-law and Jethro was his priestly title. The third chapter in the book of Exodus names the priest of Midian who becomes Moses’ father-in-law Jethro, though the second chapter refers to the same person as Reuel. The name Jethro means “overflow,” and the name Reuel means “friend of God.” Lesson 2
—S—
sea of the Philistines—The twenty-third chapter in the book of Exodus refers to the sea of the Philistines, which is the Mediterranean Sea, sometimes also called the Great Sea. Lesson 19
Shaul—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Jemuel as the last of six sons born to Simeon, the second son of the patriarch Jacob. Shaul’s brothers are Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, and Zohar. The name Shaul means “lent” or “grave.” It is related to the name Saul, which means “asked for.” All of Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6
Shimei—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Shimei as the second of two sons born to Gershon in the line of Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Shemei’s brother is Libni. The name Libni means “he who hears or obeys” or “my reputation.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Shiphrah—The first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Puah and Shiphrah and two midwives who disobey Pharaoh’s instructions to allow male Hebrew babies to die. The name Shiphrah means “beautiful.” Lesson 1
Shur/wilderness of Shur—The fifteenth chapter in the book of Exodus indicates that after the Israeliltes crossed the Red Sea, Moses led them into the wilderness of Shur. Scholars speculate that Shur was a defensive wall or enclosure at the northeast edge of the border between Egypt and the Arabian desert built by the Egyptians to protect them from attack by nomadic desert tribes. The wilderness of Shur refers to the sparsely populated area between Egypt and Philistia. The name Shur means “wall.” (A map showing the location of the wilderness of Shur is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 13
Simeon—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Simeon as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the second of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Simeon’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Simeon means “God is listening.” Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 1, 6
Sin/wilderness of Sin—The sixteenth chapter in the book of Exodus locates the wilderness of Sin on the Sinai Peninsula between Elim and Sinai (probably Mount Horeb, frequently referred to as Mount Sinai). The geographical name for the wilderness of Sin is not related to the moral concept of sin but comes from the Hebrew name for this desert region. Some scholars consider the wilderness of Sin and the wilderness of Zin to be identifical, although others locate the wilderness of Zin farther north on the Sinai Peninsula, much closer to the land of Canaan. The wilderness of Paran, which is mentioned in the sixteenth chapter in the book of Genesis, may be part of this geographical area. The wilderness of Sin sometimes is referred to as the wilderness of Sinai. (A map showing the locations of both the wilderness of Sin and the wilderness of Zin is on page 71 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 14, 16
Sinai—Sinai mentioned in the sixteenth chapter in the book of Exodus as being at one edge of the wilderness of Sin (with Elim at the other edge) generally is thought to refer to the sparsely populated area between Elim and Mount Horeb, a peak sometimes also called Mount Sinai—although there is scholarly disagreement about whether these are the same mountain as well as about where they might be located. In the present day, Sinai usually refers to the Sinai Peninsula. Many scholars believe that the wilderness of Sinai and the wilderness of Sin are the same place. The word Sinai means “thorn.” (A map showing the traditional location of Mount Horeb and an alternate mountain location across the Gulf of Aquaba is on page 19 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Also see Mount Sinai and Sin/wilderness of Sin. Lessons 14, 16, 19, 23, 25
Sithri—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Sithri as the third of three sons born to Uzziel in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Sithri’s brothers are Mishael and Elzaphan The name Sithri means “God conceals.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
sons of Israel—Sons is a term often used in Scripture to describe groups of people born into a particular genealogical line or native to a specific geographical region. Readers who encounter the term sons of Israel in Scripture should pause to determine whether the author intended sons of Israel to refer to descendants of all 12 of the tribes of Jacob, to descendants of the 10 tribes who had inhabited the former northern kingdom of Israel, or to descendants of the two tribes who had inhabited the former southern kingdom of Judah. In the book of Exodus, however, it always refers to descendants of all 12 tribes. The nineteenth chapter in the book of Exodus somewhat surprisingly uses the term children of Israel to refer to the descendants of all 12 tribes, and the twenty-fourth chapter substitutes the term tribes of Israel. Lessons 1–3, 5–14, 16, 19–26, 27
sons of Levi—Sons is a term often used in Scripture to describe groups of people born into a particular genealogical line or native to a specific geographical region. In the thirty-second chapter in the book of Exodus, sons of Levi refers to all of the sons of Levi and describes how they came to be appointed to serve God. It is only Aaron and his sons, however, who are appointed to the hereditary priesthood. (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 24
Spirit—The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies the artisan Bezalel as being filled by the Spirit of God to enable him to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. Throughout the Old Testament, Spirit, a word related to breathing and inspiration, is capitalized to refer to the soul or essence of God. In the New Testament, the Trinitarian nature of God’s Spirit is emphasized by referring to it as the Holy Spirit. Lessons 23, 26
Succoth—The twelfth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Succoth is the first stopping point on the Israelites’ journey out of Egypt. Succoth is located just north of the Gulf of Suez, a part of the Red Sea. The name Succoth has several alternate spellings, including Sukkot, and means “to weave a protection.” The name is related to words for “tents” and “tabernacles” and is given to the Hebrew harvest festival called the feast of Succoth or the feast of Tabernacles. (A map showing the first leg of that journey is on page 56 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lessons 11–12
—T—
Thummim—The twenty-eighth chapter in the book of Exodus mentions God instructing Moses to have the Urim and Thummim placed in the breastpiece of the high priest. These two items were thought to reveal God’s will in a miraculous way. They seem to have faded from use after the early days of the united kingdom of Solomon, possibly because the institution of the the kingship was accompanied by the inauguration of the office of prophet—and the prophet’s job was to speak for the LORD. The word Urim means “light” while the word Thummim means “perfect”; pairing the two as Urim and Thummim results in a meaning of “perfect light.” Lesson 21
tribes of Israel—See sons of Israel. Lesson 19
—U—
Uri—The thirty-first chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Uri as the father of Bezalel, one of the two artisans chosen by God to create the tabernacle and all of the items pertaining to it or to be used by the Aaronic priesthood. Uri and his son were members of the tribe of Judah. The name Uri means “my light” or “my flame.” Lessons 23, 26–27
Urim—The twenty-eighth chapter in the book of Exodus mentions God instructing Moses to have the Urim and Thummim placed in the breastpiece of the high priest. These two items were thought to reveal God’s will in a miraculous way. They seem to have faded from use after the early days of the united kingdom of Solomon, possibly because the institution of the the kingship was accompanied by the inauguration of the office of prophet—and the prophet’s job was to speak for the LORD. The word Urim means “light” while the word Thummim means “perfect”; pairing the two as Urim and Thummim results in a meaning of “perfect light.” Lesson 21
Uzziel—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Uzziel as the fourth of four sons born to Kohath in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Uzziel’s brothers are Amram (grandfather of Moses and Aaron), Izhar, and Hebron. The name Uzziel means “strength of God.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
—V—
—W—
wilderness of Shur—See Shur/wilderness of Shur. Lesson 13
wilderness of Sin—See Sin/wilderness of Sin. Lessons 14, 16
wilderness of Sinai—See Sin/wilderness of Sin. Lesson 16
—X—
—Y—
—Z—
Zebulun—The first chapter in the book of Exodus lists Zebulun as one of the sons of Israel (Jacob) who came into Egypt to escape famine during a severe drought in the land of Canaan (see the forty-first through fifty-fourth chapters in the book of Genesis). He was the sixth of Jacob’s 12 sons, and his mother was Jacob’s wife Leah. The births of Zebulun’s 11 brothers are recorded in the twenty-ninth through thirtieth chapters and in the thirty-fifth chapter in the book of Genesis. The name Zebulun means “joined in harmony.” (A chart of all of Jacob’s immediate male descendants is on page 7 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 1
Zichri—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Zichri as the third of three sons born to Izhar in the line Levi, the third son of the patriarch Jacob. Zichri’s brothers are Korah and Nepheg. The name Zichri means “remembered” or “illustrious.” (A chart of all of Levi’s immediate male descendants is on page 31 in You Shall Have No Other Gods: The Book of Exodus.) Lesson 6
Zipporah—The second chapter in the book of Exodus records that Moses weds Zipporah, the daughter of the Midianite priest Reuel. The same chapter records that Zipporah bears Moses a son whom they name Gershom. Zipporah probably is best known for her action in circumcising one of her sons to assuage God’s unexplained anger. The biblical text indicates there is only one son Zipporah circumcises, but it does not specify which son. Details are recorded in the fourth chapter in the book of Exodus. The name Zipporah means “bird.” Lessons 2, 4, 15
Zohar—The sixth chapter in the book of Exodus identifies Zohar as the fifth of six sons born to Simeon, the second son of the patriarch Jacob. Zohar’s brothers are Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, and Shaul. The name Zohar means “brightness.” All of Simeon’s immediate male descendants are recorded in the sixth chapter in the book of Exodus. Lesson 6